Analysis of the controversial scene of Neils death Essay Example For Students

Examination of the dubious scene of Neils passing Essay Smith) and into their vehicle. Neil, in his dads perspective is showing his self-importance by resisting his dad by partaking I the school play when he was told not to. Be that as it may, in Nils perspective he is satisfying his own desire of turning into an on-screen character and what he genuinely appreciates. At the point when they showed up home, father and child had a conversation about Nils future as such the dad directed Nils on what he will do with his future, the explanation being that they were not a well off family. Nils father needed him to go to an extremely renowned college known as Harvard, however Neil had there thoughts. He needed to additionally investigate the universe of acting and picked a lifelong way of an on-screen character. Mr.. Perry would not respect Nils fights that that decision was his to make, however inevitably fell quiet tragically. In this segment, the camera on the other hand changes from Neil to his dad as they contend, and more often than not, close up shots are utilized. There is a high likelihood that this encounter with his dad will have subsequently affected Nils choice to end it all. After this occasion Neil clears a path to his room and subsequent to uncovering plans to rest, however little did his dad know cap after he had dozed his child was still wide conscious somewhere down in thought. His garments are set in his bed, flawlessly collapsed. This gives him the presence of a military part, everything spotless and requested, proposing that Neil life isn't under his own control however heavily influenced by his folks since they are the ones who are settling on all the significant choices throughout his life for him. At the end of the day the guardians keep him from being an intellectual like Mr.. We will compose a custom exposition on Analysis of the questionable scene of Neils demise explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Keating urges him to be. Now in the film, a spooky energetic music had started. The music contained a heavenly tune like that in a congregation and sounded particularly like honey bees murmuring. This music gave the watcher the feeling that a significant occasion in the film was going to occur in the Perry habitation that night. Neil gets up when Mr.. What's more, Mrs.. Perry are snoozing. Other than the dubious music, there was aggregate and total quietness, not even the hints of nightlife. The quietness represents powerlessness to stand up and defend your privileges. Neil isn't going to bat for his longing to act, yet Just surrenders thrashing to his dad when he is being directed. He at that point puts on his crown made of thistle that he wore for his school play, opens the window, stripped and gazes at vacancy, wearing an exceptionally stunned articulation. At the point when he is wearing the crown, the panning strategy is utilized, moving from the flawlessly collapsed garments to his face, including extraordinary close up with the goal that the watcher can separate his demeanor unmistakably. Ensuing to this, he strolls down the steps and into another room, which contained an artistic creation of a mythical serpent in one of its dividers. As he strolls down the steps, he is just observed as a shadowy fugue since all the lights in the house are off, his highlights imperceptible and just a dark dim mass in the vacancy. As he strolls on a jawline of light separated through the windows enlightens his facial highlights. The light sparkling all over sakes him show up god like, contrasting him with Jesus Christ. Winged serpents, depicted in folklore as brutal hulks could represent demise, awful endings and disaster. This image may recommend that Nils life will contain a huge catastrophe. .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 , .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 .postImageUrl , .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 , .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195:hover , .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195:visited , .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195:active { border:0!important; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195:active , .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-design: underline; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enhancement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec619 5 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Analysis Of The New York Poets EssayHe then advances toward his folks room, despite everything shrouded in shadow and opens the entryway driving into the room. The extraordinary spotlight shot is utilized on the handle when Neil turns is, conceivably to pass on opening his approach to harmony and opportunity. The camera at that point centers around a check in the room, an increase utilizing outrageous close up method. The ticking clock represents on time running out for Neil. It is proposing that Neil doesn't have considerably more time alive. In the wake of going into the guardians room, he makes for a cabinet close to the bed. He at that point opens it with a key. Again this represents opening the exit and quest for an exit from his wretchedness. He at that point takes out a weapon that is collapsed in white material. The white speaks to sacredness, again connecting him with Jesus Christ. After this, the is out of nowhere a hole in the occasions following Neil extricating a weapon from the guardians cabinet. The individual that shows up I the scene isn't Neil however it is his dad, out of nowhere awoken by an ear parting discharge. The dad goes about as though he is bothered and hindered in his rest, not recognizing what had Just happened. This shows he doesn't have the foggiest idea how Nils mind functions and is unaware of the way that his child is in genuine mental mischief. After Mr.. Perry awakens, he lights a lamp, practically identical to that of a congregation and as yet depending on the old ways. He sets off around the house, scanning for the wellspring of the shot and en route turning all the lights that were off before Neil ended it all on. He at that point goes into Nils room and finds the crown made out of thistle put close to the window. He at that point hustles along a similar way that was taken by Neil and goes into the investigation. The room is hazy, shrouded in black powder, making Mr.. Perry very dubious. A panning camera strategy is utilized to move from a window over the space to Nils hand, resting like a cross against the firearm. The room that Neil ended it all, upon close investigation is contains a great deal of crosses. Right off the bat, the flame broils on the window is totally secured with crosses and besides Nils hand and the firearm making a cross. The crosses represent Jesus Christ and these crosses pass on that Nils life, similar to Jesus Christ who was purified through water, was fro the start of the film, bound to end in disaster.

Positive functions for society Essay

The family was once portrayed as a social gathering that mutual basic living arrangement, comprised of in any event two grown-ups of each sex that kept up a socially endorsed sexual relationship and had at least one kids, their own or received. This is a family unit, portrayed by George Murdoch to be a widespread family type. Despite the fact that it is right to state that family units live generally, family types currently fluctuate from single-parent families to gay headed families. In spite of the assortment, they add to the general public, in manners that can be sure and negative as well. Numerous sociologists vary in their perspectives with regards to whether the family is certain to the general public or not-functionalists accept that the family has positive capacities that contribute emphatically to the general public however it must be said that functionalists will in general disregard negative parts of the family, for example, the ‘dark side’, which comprises of every one of that makes the family a negative encounter for its individuals. All things considered there are sociologists that emphasis on just the negative viewpoints, for example, radical specialists, radical women's activists and Marxists. The new right hypothesis has confidence that family is a positive capacity of the general public, anyway new rights just allude to family units, as they accept that some other family type is sub-par. Functionalism is an accord hypothesis which takes a gander at society emphatically. Functionalists regularly make a natural relationship, as a human body is kept up by the elements of each piece of a body, keeping it alive and solid, comparably, and society is propped up by its establishments family being one of the organizations which capacity to continue the prosperity of society. It is perceived by functionalists that families change themselves after some time for adjusting to society, a model would be driving functionalist Emile Durkheim who emphatically accepted that family was the most significant organization of society. Durkheim accepted that family decidedly worked for the two people and society. The family, he accepted, is the foundation that offers its individuals enthusiastic help, security and gives them their way of life as essential socialisers, and to a degree, shows them how they should act toward the remainder of society. Hence he demonstrates that they play out a positive capacity to society as well, as they give basic social request and solidness, which assists with keeping the general public from getting scattered. Talcott Parson’s was a functionalist who dissected the familiesâ from an advanced point of view and reached a resolution that despite the fact that families have less capacities, as they are furnished with assistance from outside offices, they despite everything perform two significant capacities which decide the activities inside a general public. These two capacities center around people the first being the socialization of kids essentially, into the dependable, submitted people that society can profit by and the second is the adjustment of grown-up characters, as he expressed that it was family who help pull away strains of the advanced world, especially for male specialists. He likewise accepted that these capacities were best found in family units, where the unmistakable sexual division in labor empowered spouses to share an expressive job while men held an instrumental job. Notwithstanding, there are functionalists like Fletcher who accept that family has not diminished their capacities, he clarifies how the family don't simply play out the evident clear elements of essential socialization, social control and multiplication yet they additionally assume a job in giving fundamental instruction and backing through school life they despite everything have a monetary capacity since they offer help to their non-working individuals, regardless of whether they are un-fit to work, sick or jobless and eventually, family supplies the entire economy with laborers. The functionalism hypothesis reveals insight into the positive parts of family life which all add to the general public decidedly. Every functionalist has reliably referenced an indispensable presentation that families share the essential socialization of youngsters. During this stage a kid finds out about his/her way of life and is well on the way to be shown the standards and estimations of their general public. Essential socialization is a crucial presentation which is finished by the family, as a kid is relied upon to have affirmation of the standards and qualities so as to modify with the general public they live in. In spite of the fact that the functionalist hypothesis doesn't take a gander at the negative parts of the family there are others that do. It must be accepted that the functionalist see was male centric the conviction that men are overwhelm. This supposition that is just agent of Parson as he presented the steaming shower hypothesis, whereby he proposed that it was men that had a hard day at work and their spouses (ladies) remained at home and caused them to feel better when the husbands returned home. Radical women's activists are the individuals who center around this separation and have firm conviction that the world is wrongly overwhelmed byâ men. They accept that male centric belief system gives ladies a recognition that parenthood is their regular job while it really keeps ladies compliant to men. They express how ladies have in any event a double job however most have a ‘triple burden’ which comprises of the jobs of a paid specialist, a mother and a housewife. Th e Marxist hypothesis portrays the general public as being one that adventures and subordinates the regular workers. They contend that the family just advantages industrialists as they produce the common laborers, show their kids to acknowledge entrepreneur esteems when fundamentally mingling them, which are to difficult work, tolerating and regarding authority, and the family causes their individuals to feel that private enterprise is the standard. Radical therapists then again, contend that the family in general is a double dealing. Clinical proof demonstrates that families endure misuse, persecution and a negative encounter. The advanced family is ‘independent’ to the point that it prompts enthusiastic worry between the individuals. They can't help contradicting functionalists and state that families really invest a lot of energy attempting to satisfy others by doing what they are relied upon to do, which keeps them from having self-rule. Along these lines in the event that somebody accomplished something incorrectly it would prompt disgrace, blame and suppression. This prompts theà ¢â‚¬â„¢ dim side’ to a family which incorporates maltreatment to kids and aggressive behavior at home to the two people. Kid misuse comprises of, physical maltreatment, psychological mistreatment, sexual maltreatment and disregard. A CPS report demonstrated that five to six kids kicked the bucket every day in 2001 because of kid misuse or disregard. Roughly 84% of the kids were mishandled by their folks and moms alone were liable for 47% of the disregard and 32% of the maltreatment. Abusive behavior at home is likewise expanding the UK’s crime percentage and records for a fourth of the homicides in the UK. Aggressive behavior at home is all the brutality that happens between accomplices. In addition to the fact that it accounts for physical brutality sexual and psychological mistreatment as well. Despite the fact that it is viewed as a wrongdoing against ladies since they are twice as prone to be compromised and harmed, men are additionally abused against-an investigation directed at the Leicester Infirmary in 1992 presumed that equivalent quantities of people were being ambushed at home and that men got increasingly genuine wounds, losing cognizance more regularly than ladies. It might be with the goal that the family as people might be influenced more on the off chance that they endure these antagonistic encounters nonetheless, it might likewise influence the general public in light of the fact that one’s investment to society will get easy paying little heed to the manner in which they contribute, for models in the event that they are a student,â they won't buckle down, in the event that they are a laborer, they will be less. By and by there are 400 asylums around the UK and any assistance lines to help those that are languishing. There are various perspectives on the family that that feature how they work in the public eye and towards people. Functionalism is the principle hypothesis that advances the positive parts of a family and mirrors the positive commitments a family makes towards society by performing basic capacities, for example, propagation, essential socialization and social control. There are additionally numerous speculations that attention on the negative parts of the family-the things that make family a terrible capacity of society. In any case, it must be said that all the theory’s are right whenever read from the point of view that they are written in. Consequently, despite the fact that the family has a ‘dark side’ and may not follow all scholars, for example, radical specialists and radical women's activists, they despite everything figure out how to maintain the primary capacities, that is to recreate, associate with people and bolster their relatives.

2016 Awards honor global leadership at highest level COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

2016 Awards honor global leadership at highest level COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Annual celebration welcomes 325 guests, raises fellowship funds to benefit SIPA students SIPA celebrated the 2016 Global Leadership Awards at a ceremony that brought 325 guestsâ€"alumni and friends, students, faculty, and staffâ€"to New York City’s Mandarin Oriental hotel on April 8. Now in their 16th year, the annual awards recognize individuals and organizations who have made innovative or otherwise extraordinary contributions to the global public good through their work in public policy and administration. This year’s honorees were Ban Ki-moon, secretary-general of the United Nations; Christine Lagarde, managing director of the International Monetary Fund; James A. Baker III, the 61st U.S. secretary of State and 67th U.S. secretary of the treasury; and Wang Boming MIA ’88, the chairman-CEO of SEEC Media Group who has been called “one of the founding fathers” of China’s capital markets. Guests at the event, which is part of SIPA’s ongoing 70th-anniversary celebration, enjoyed a reception, dinner, and inspiring views of Central Park and the Manhattan skyline at the venue high above Columbus Circle. Several current students took part as event ambassadors nominated by faculty and selected by School administrators. As always, proceeds raised from the event will provide fellowship support for SIPA students. University President Lee C. Bollinger was on hand to welcome guests, who heard SIPA Dean Merit E. Janow salute the four honorees for exemplifying the qualities that SIPA seeks to instill in its students. In accepting the award from Janow, honoree Christine Lagarde said the world needs global leadership because good and ill know no boundaries. She encouraged students to take their skills outside the United States and their home countries. “Global leadership is hard work, but we do it because it is our duty and it takes us further than those borders,” she said. In office since 2011, Lagarde is the first woman to lead the IMF. As France’s finance minister from 2007 to 2011, she was the first female finance minister of a G-7 country. The Admissions Offices Eloy Oliveira, Grace Han, and Adriana Popa attended the 2016 Global Leadership Awards. Another honoree, James A. Baker III, served as a cabinet secretary under U.S. presidents Reagan and George H.W. Bush and worked on five presidential election campaigns. He suggested that factors including redistricting practices, the media, and the internet had contributed to contemporary division and dysfunction in U.S. politics, and called for a different kind of leadership. Ban could not attend in person but shared thanks and good wishes in a video message to the audience.“Im afraid that far too many politicians these days feed into our fears rather than our hopes,” he said. Since the United Nations was founded in 1945, he said, “SIPA faculty and alumni have continued to contribute to our work. I personally rely on many as my senior advisors.” “I am especially impressed by SIPA students,” Ban continued, adding later: “I count on SIPA to continue supporting the United Nations as we rise to the challenges of our day. Thank you for your leadership and engagement.” Advice for current students: Lagarde and Baker joined Janow for a conversation that touched on multiple issues including trade, growth, and inequality. Janow concluded the discussion by asking the honorees to share advice for today’s students, the next generation of leaders. Baker said people in a position of privilege should “give back by voting, participate in the public system, volunteer, and give to nonprofits.” Lagarde said to “Engage, embrace, enjoy and share that joy with others.” The final honoree, business leader Wang Boming MIA ‘88 also sent regrets after an illness prevented him from attending. The two honorees who were present joined Janow for a conversation that touched on multiple issues including trade, growth, and inequality. Janow concluded the discussion by asking the honorees to share advice for today’s students, the next generation of leaders. Baker said people in a position of privilege should “give back by voting, participate in the public system, volunteer, and give to nonprofits.” Lagarde said to “Engage, embrace, enjoy and share that joy with others.” â€" with reporting and writing by Lindsay Fuller MPA ’16 and Kristen Grennan MPA ’16

Essay about The Matrix and Fahrenheit 451 Comparison

1. The characters of Neo and Montag break away from the common society, come to terms with themselves, and strive to create an ideal world. 2. Breaking from normal society through one’s own will a. Neo is rescued from the Matrix by Morpheus i. It was Neo’s own decision to take the red pill. ii. Demonstrates desire to know the truth about world. b. Montag admits he is unhappy in life and turns to books for knowledge. i. It was Montag’s own curiosity and internal dissatisfaction with his current state. ii. He is thus able to turn against society to support his own ideals. c. Having decided upon themselves to defect from the world of the common man, Neo and Montag enter a struggle to find their inner selves. 3. Finding the true†¦show more content†¦At this point, he no longer has any confusion about himself and firmly believes in reforming society. c. In discovering their paths, Neo and Montag strive to make their world a better place. 4. Understanding their purpose in life, Neo and Montag work to defeat the oppressive authority and to bring the ignorant people of society to the truth. a. Neo fights against the machines controlling the Matrix to save his friends and the people trapped within the Matrix. i. Neo sacrifices himself to save Morpheus from the agents. ii. This bravery and self-sacrifice, which are common of a heroic character, result in his revival and gaining of superhuman abilities. iii. Using these abilities, he overwhelms the opponent that had killed him before, demonstrating that he has truly become â€Å"the one†. iv. By the end of the story, Neo joins his comrades in their mission to free everyone in the Matrix, fulfilling his role as a savior. b. In the same way, Montag takes his stand against the firemen, whom he feels are unjust for limiting people’s freedom. i. After having his books discovered, Montag turns against the firemen, incinerating Captain Beatty. ii. In doing so, he had declared his rejection of and defiance against that society. iii. Having decided his goal, Montag joins the intellectuals in their quest to change their world to the way they see fit. iv. After the bomb destroys the city, he and the intellectuals decide to rebuild society so that the mistakes of theShow MoreRelated Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Comparison to the Matrix Essay1111 Words   |  5 PagesRay Bradburys novel Fahrenheit 451 speculates on a future society in which there is no real knowledge, just a faà §ade of lies because there are no testaments of truth, books. This book shares a plot much like that of the Warner Brothers blockbuster, Matrix, in which the human race is kept in the shadow of the truth by being put into a virtual reality. In both stories a destroyed civilization is being suppressed by an evil leader. Also, in both of these works have an average man rise from the ashesRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 And Film Techniques1421 Words   |  6 PagesContextual environments affect the way in which texts deal with the notion of truth and reality. This is substantiated with language techniques in Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 and film techniques in the Wachowski Brother s The Matrix, which are analogously established in dystopic versions of the future, illuminating the trepidations of the age in 1953 and 99 respectively. These texts share parallels in their themes such as conformity, censorship and subversive control, influenced by a communalRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512323 Words   |  10 PagesPicture a world where one must meet the expectations of being normal, where diversity is not accepted, or even worse, a detached society where emotions no longer exist. By reading the first few pages of Fahrenheit 451, readers immediately get the feeling of a dystopian society. Firemen creating fire s, instead of extinguishing them, and technology that has taken their society to a whole new level of entertainment. 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Essay on Agriculture in the Incan Empire - 2197 Words

At the time of their demise, the Incan Empire had nearly as many domesticated plant species as all of Eurasia. There was no sign of the wheel or work animals that could be yoked to a plow, and the Incans had limited use of metallurgy. Yet the mighty South American empire terraced, irrigated, and produced enough food for millions of people. The Incans were able to sustain agricultural surpluses by intensive exploitation of the land and sophisticated methods of storage and dispersal of grains and tubers. Through a culture based on agriculture the Incans were able to expand their empire into one of the largest in the New World. Until their demise, the Incans used agriculture as a unifying force in several different ways. Empires throughout†¦show more content†¦The Incans were astute in that they cultivated as many of the climactic zones as possible. Cultivating a wide range of crops in varying climates protected the Incans, to certain extent, from crop failure . Safeguarding laypeople against unpredictable environmental conditions created a sense of unity in that it allowed the Incans to feed nonproducing sectors of society, such as state messengers, various artisans, metalworkers, and the thousands of warriors needed to conquer a portion of western half of South America from Chile to Ecuador. In 1460 AD, the Incans conquered a region from the native Huancas, Xauxa, of South America that proved to be both logistically and environmentally important to the empire. Prior to the Incan invasion, the Huancas densely fortified themselves on hilltops in defensive, nucleated bands or tribes. The Huanca clearly saw security as an issue. Yet after the Incans introduced their methods of subsistence agriculture, the Huancas began moving down slope to inhabit the low-lying river valleys where crops could be grown and surpluses could be accumulated. At the same time, the Incans began adopting Huancan polities into regional and state government, a transition made easier since food production was not an overriding concern. Here the Incans have used their agricultural practices as a unifying force to incorporate a conquered tribe into the empire, a common theme for theShow MoreRelatedAztec, Inca And Aztec Civilizations1134 Words   |  5 PagesBefore the legendary empires of the Roman s and the Greeks, there were other prospering civilizations thriving in parts of Central America and parts of Mexico. The Mayan, Incan and Aztec civilizations were a few of the greatest ancient civilizations in history, but they each had distinct characteristics that helped them prosper into the great empires that they became. Each had their own fascinating ways of food production, governing system and culture. 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The main advantage of the Spanish leading to their victory is their possession of advanced weaponry and horses that led to the dismay and slaughter nearly eighty thousand Incan soldiers and administrators. Disease also played an indirect role in the fall of the Inca Empire because smallpox killed large amountsRead MoreThe Major Empires Of West Africa From 1200-15001174 Words   |  5 PagesWhat were the major empires of West Africa from 1200-1500? What were their major industries, modes of social organization? What were their standards of living and lifespans compared to Europe? The Mali empire was established in 1235. It was the largest and the richest empire in the African Middle Ages. During this time Malian emperors relied on a small central administration, which was primarily concerned with finances and justice. (Patterns of World History pg. 400) The empire financed itself throughRead MoreEssay on The Columbian Exchange1075 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween Europe and the Americas. The interaction with Native Americans began the exchange of animals, plants, disease, and weapons. The most significant effects that the Colombian Exchange had on the Old World and New World were its changes in agriculture, disease, culture, and its effects on ecology. The immediate cause of the European voyages of discovery was the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. While Egypt and Italian city-state of Venice was left with a monopoly on

Three Day Road Free Essays

Arthur Joseph Boyden represents Carl Jung’s idea that humans often create a persona in order to be perceived by society in a certain way through the journey of the main character in the novel ‘Three Day Road’. Joseph Boyden illustrates the idea that war may impact someone to become something they initially weren’t. That being said, World War I, Aboriginal sniper Elijah Weesageechak becomes mentally and physically corrupted by the war, which results to his inevitable death. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Day Road or any similar topic only for you Order Now Further more, the loss of identity, his desire to become a war hero, and the use of morphine to escape reality caused Elijah Weesageechak to become a motionless killer. Once Elijah joined the Canadian army, he immediately did what ever he could in order to blend in with the other soldiers. Elijah had initially been able to speak English so he could communicate with the white soldiers, for he was raised by nuns in a residential school. To hide that he was an Aboriginal man, Elijah chose to adopt a British accent and speaking style when among the other soldiers. â€Å"Dear Henry, would you be a kind chap and make me a cup of tea? † (144). Elijah’s decision to not speak Cree when around his peers was his attempt to blend in with the rest of his former soldiers. Ditching his original Cree accent and adopting a British one was Elijah first step to creating his new persona. After Elijah became more familiar with the other soldiers, Corporal Thompson had chosen Elijah to be apart of a night raid. During the raid, Elijah and his best friend Xavier threw mill bombs into a German trench, thus killing the people inside. When Elijah returned to the Canadian trench, Corporal Thompson asked him if he enjoyed the night raid. Elijah responded, â€Å"It’s in my blood† (75). By doing so, Elijah had gone against the traditional Cree ways he was taught by Xavier and Niska. Instead he had modified his persona to embrace war and killing, which contradicts his initial belief before entering the war. That being said, it is quite evident that Elijah had disregarded his Cree traditions so he could become someone who only cared about killing and to fulfil his desired reputation as a deadly sniper. In order for Elijah to prove his killing abilities as a soldier to his peers, he begins to collect the scalps of his killings as trophies. In the novel, Elijah asks, â€Å"And what will collecting these trophies do for me? † â€Å"They will buy you honour among us† Francis says. â€Å"And we are honourable men† (204). Elijah feels as though he has to prove his killing abilities by gathering scalps so he will be accepted and favoured by his fellow soldiers. During Elijah’s quest on becoming a war hero, Elijah begins to enjoy killing and the fame that he receives from it. Elijah feels he must rise at every opportunity in order to impress his peers. An occurrence where Elijah’s persona was shown was when the Germans were retreating from a battle, and Elijah picked a target far off in the distance and shot him. The Canadian soldiers around him cheered and said that they will never see anything like that again. Elijah arrogantly responded: â€Å"Until the next time you are with me in a similar situation† (243). Elijah was unable to stop killing for he had become addicted to the fame he was rewarded with. This is revealed in the novel when Elijah says, â€Å"I’d go mad in a hospital so far away from it all† (150). Elijah’s desire to become a war hero caused him to partake in countless murders in order to impress others. He was able to do so with no emotion through his frequent use of morphine. Elijah used morphine when he participated in raids in order to get a ‘sense’ of his surroundings. Xavier description of Elijah on morphine is explained as: â€Å"But when the golden liquid is in his veins! Even at night the world is bathed in a soft light†¦He can make himself float from his body at will and look down at the world below him† (212). Elijah’s natural talent for hunting combined with his unhealthy use of morphine made him twice as dangerous. Without the morphine in his veins, Elijah became scared of the worlds, which lead him to use it more frequently. As he abused morphine, the real world became distorted. Without fear and pain, war was a game to Elijah. A game he enjoyed and became good at. Through the use of morphine, Elijah lacked an anchor to reality and because of this, killing became mechanical. An example of this is when Elijah and Xavier are on a sniping mission, they mistake a woman for an enemy and Elijah shoots her. Xavier angrily questions Elijah’s reaction to kill the woman. Elijah defends himself by responding with â€Å"I am trained not to hesitate in situations of danger† (306). Elijah’s response was robotic and emotionless. Eventually, Elijah starts to kill Canadian soldiers who get in his way. Xavier realizes Elijah has been completely broken by the war and has to be put down. Xavier is forced to kill his best friend, for the war changed him into a man he no longer knew. World War I was evidently too much for Elijah to handle. In order to fit in with the rest of the soldiers he had to throw away his Aboriginal Cree identity and adopt a British one which eventually lead to Elijah performing actions that went against the Cree traditions. That being said, he began to embrace war and killing in order to impress his fellow soldiers, as his ultimate conquest was to become a war hero. Further more, Elijah’s conscious was too powerful and filled his heart with guilt, which resulted in his use of morphine to conceal his inner emotions. With the aid of drugs, Elijah had become a mechanical killing robot whose thirst for blood was immeasurable. Unfortunately his uncontrollable actions were beginning to cause harm to his fellow peers, which resulted in the decision to kill Elijah to protect the safety of the Canadian soldiers. Finally, Joseph Boyden illustrates the idea that the destruction of war may have an impact on one’s inner self and that fame and acceptance is something one is willing to die for. How to cite Three Day Road, Papers Three Day Road Free Essays string(31) " into a fully fledged windigo\." Wandering Windigo of the Wemistikoshiw The novel Three Day Road can be viewed as an explicit indicator as to the importance of sustaining cultural identity, and the consequences associated with its absence from any aspect of human life. The tale provides a salient setting through which this spiritual malfeasance is brought about, with much of its content consisting of the supremacy of the wemistikoshiw, or white man, over the Aboriginals in World War 1. The novel’s European setting manifests the primary cause for the spiritual bankruptcy of Elijah Weesacheejak, one of the story’s central figures and the novel’s primary thematic microcosm. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Day Road or any similar topic only for you Order Now Influenced deeply by Western ideals, he is said to be a windigo which, as explained by the aboriginal bushmaster, Niska, is characterized by: â€Å"†¦sadness so pure that it [shrivels] the human heart and [lets] something else grow in its place† (Boyden 261). A polar opposite to Elijah, Niska recognizes the necessity of spirituality rooted in tradition, and is able to identify the Windigo as a logical product of wemistikoshiw influence. Her nephew, Xavier, is defiantly against European conformity in much the same way, sacrificing physical well-being for the sake of the Cree culture which he cherishes and to which he hopes to return in the wake of the war. It is clear that each of these three characters is negatively affected by the widespread influence of the whites, albeit to different degrees. Each character’s amount of exposure to wemistikoshiw culture corresponds proportionately to both their bodily state by the novel’s end, and their specific levels of windigo-ism. Joseph Boyden’s Three Day Road illuminates the Windigo’s corruption of identity through the personalities of Xavier, Niska and Elijah via their cultural adherence, contrasting health, and dynamic relationships. Much like two sides of the same coin, Western and Aboriginal societies share a structural essence, but vary wildly in their fundamental ideals and respective emphases. Xavier is aware of this distinction between the two peoples, saying: â€Å"†¦I’m left wondering what connection there might be between their [the European] world and mine† (246), in a manner which would suggest that one must belong to one ‘world’ or another, but never both simultaneously. Xavier chooses to live by Aboriginal tradition, as exemplified through his frequent neglect of wemistikoshiw behaviours. A prevalent literary critic explains the significance of naming in this respect, exclaiming that the: â€Å"†¦various names ssumed by or assigned to Xavier and Elijah signify to what extent their identities are able to transcend or fall victim to [the influence of the West]†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å" (Gordon 7). The only Western name assigned to Xavier is ‘X’ in light of his extraordinary shooting precision (Boyden 109). Despite the name’s positive connotations, Bird discards it, keeping to his original alias, which is bestowed upon him by his cherished Aboriginal friends (360, 363). It is evident, then, that Xavier’s neglect of the wemistikoshiw ways runs deep, and even when facing external, culture-based adversity, becoming an outcast is always a preferable option to abandonment of his tradition. Unlike the other soldiers, Xavier never acquires even the slightest appetite for killing, believing it to be wasteful in the context of war, since there is nothing to be gained but fresh supplies of bloodshed (Bohr). Initially, Xavier is revolted by the sight of death soon after he witnesses it devastate a German, saying, â€Å"The image of the soldier’s head exploding makes may stomach churn† (Boyden 88). In order to remedy this spiritual deficit he associates with letting the lives of other be wasted, Bird turns to prayer, which keeps him centered and stable within the comfort of his cultural roots. Over the entire course of the novel, Xavier never once forgets the importance of his background in regards to his current situation, meaning that he remains metaphysically anchored in spite of his foreign surroundings. Supplementary to Xavier, in terms of spiritual independence, is Niska, whose understanding of the wemistikoshiw transcends that of every other character in the novel, and stems from both her experiential knowledge of Western culture and the windigo. An objectivist to the core, Niska represents an archetype of cultural wisdom, as described by Joseph Boyden: â€Å"I wanted her to be a strong woman who was doing this [being a woman of the bush] despite what everyone says about her and the toughness of her existence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wylie 229). Niska is exposed to the horrors of the world at an early age, witnessing events such as her father’s murder of one of her fellow Cree gone windigo (Boyden 45). This coupled with her being used sexually by the Frenchman, who claimed to have â€Å"†¦fucked ahcahk, [her] spirit† (174), out of lustful capitalism creates a perfect storm of familiarity with the human condition within her. Niska realizes that the man-made society of the whites further pronounces the flaws of the human spirit, thereby differentiating between her culture and that of the emistikoshiw. She explains this difference early on in the novel, by way of her epileptic visions: â€Å"No one is safe in such times, not even the Cree of the Mushkegowuk. War touches everyone, and windigos spring from the earth† (49). In order to prevent the mingling of Aboriginal and European lifestyles, she completely refuses to submit to the will of the wemistikoshiw, even when forced to live in one of their resi dential schools as a young girl. The bushmaster neglects even menial compulsories, such as hair-cutting, saying, â€Å"They were going to remove the black hair that reached my waist as a symbol of wemistikoshiw authority, of our [the Cree’s] defeat† (93). Coming from a long line of Cree chieftains, Niska not only seeks to avoid the company of windigos, but also is obligated to dispose of them in the best interest of her fellow aboriginals (48). Niska’s comprehension of selfishness’ presence in both the wemistikoshiw and the Windigo contribute to her consequent avoidance of the two, and in turn, her unwavering state of impeccable spiritual stagnancy throughout the novel. Contrarily, Elijah succumbs completely to the culture of the white man, becoming immersed in its ideals and pursuits to the point of morphing into a fully fledged windigo. You read "Three Day Road" in category "Papers" The reason for Weesacheejak’s uprooted spiritual state can be traced back to his upbringing, which consisted of an intensely ambiguous cultural identity. Growing up in residential schools for much of his life, Elijah is brainwashed into thinking of the Aboriginals as a â€Å"†¦backwards people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (56) by the nuns who live with him. The seeds of European identity clash with those of the Aboriginal culture when he is adopted by Niska, and resultantly, a fragile concept of cultural integrity emerges within him. This identity crisis contributes significantly to his inevitable saturation into the violence of the West, as described by the author Vikki Visvis: â€Å"†¦ Elijah’s perverted determination is primarily the product of the wartime environment, which is an inherently Western endeavor† (273). Elijah learns, very much unhealthily, that identity is malleable, and depends entirely on circumstance rather than individual character. This lack of oneness can be examined easily through his acts in The Great War, which consist of both the impulsive murder and the desecration of his victims (Boyden 310). Elijah’s lack of cultural foundation is responsible for each of these atrocities, and he believes that by committing acts such as scalping those he kills, he is somehow able to absorb a portion of their spirit. Xavier describes Elijah’s carnage as a â€Å"†¦spark which fills his belly when it gnaws for food (200),† thereby pronouncing the young man’s profound emotional imbalances. Elijah’s reliance on the mastery he achieves by ‘owning’ the flesh of his victims is hauntingly reminiscent of the definition of the Windigo, and this is no accident made by Boyden. Despite his inferiority to Xavier in regards to his skills in marksmanship (78), it is he, not his Cree companion who yearns for the blood of his enemies. Such a skewed perspective which testifies to the irrelevant nature of morality can be attributed to the boy’s faithless and marred upbringing. Like a true Windigo, it is Elijah’s lack of cultural backbone which provokes the collapse of his soul, as he contains no trace of the fundamental axioms required in the construction of a spiritually healthy human being. Vividly reflecting the spiritual status of Xavier, Niska and Elijah, is their amount of mental and physical trauma, which is minimized when rooted in a fixed, adaptable personality. Xavier is the prime example of an individual whose disposition itself promotes a fragile psyche, which contains a dangerously low capacity for negative emotions. Caught in the thick of the Great War, there are many instances in the novel which expose Bird’s benevolent personality in order to provide a reason for the corporeal turmoil which he endures. Xavier’s forgiving soul is illustrated multitudinously throughout the novel, emerging most prominently in his taking of Elijah’s namesake after his death, despite the dark circumstances surrounding it (375). Not confined to sorrow based solely on human tragedy, Xavier takes pity on even the lesser forms of life, which are senselessly destroyed as a result of the war. This universal respect for entities is present when he refuses to sweep the swallow’s nest from his cabin window. This defiance initiates his explicit description of Elijah’s carrying out of the terrible deed: Two [birds] are lifeless, killed instantly by the fall. The third raises its featherless head, bewildered, its eyes large and round above its small yellow beak. Its tiny wings beat frantically on the floor, then more slowly. The mother bird cries out. The baby swallow’s lids sink and it ceases to move. I turn my head away from all of them. (Boyden 258) Inherently, Xavier is a character who easily becomes sick with depression due to his compassionate nature, hindering him in certain situations, yet proving to be essential to his maintained Aboriginal perspective as his time spent in the war increases. He deems the west to be a â€Å"strange place where the entire world’s trouble explodes† (22), and it is therefore inevitable that his extensive exposure to the war-torn battlefields of Europe instigates his severe mental strain. Discretely physical, alternatively, is his involuntary ingestion of morphine, which only serves to numb his senses into weakness, threatening his life when he enters withdrawal (289). Despite these eminent dangers to Xavier’s mental and physical state, however, it is his spiritual fortitude which enables both his mind and body to be salvaged by Niska via the matatosowin, or purification ceremony which customarily follows the three day voyage by which a Cree returns to his/her people after a long absence. As explained by Neta Gordon, the event marks a certain: â€Å"†¦constructive deconstruction, and a forward-looking inclination towards healing and hope† (2). Xavier’s symbolic journey represents not the death of his physical body, but the annihilation of the last wemistikoshiw remnant clouding his sanity – his addiction to morphine. In spite of the wide variety of factors hindering Xavier’s will to survive, he is able to outlive his anarchic environment by accessing his actively ethical and tempered personality. Niska is very similar to her nephew in this respect, withstanding an onslaught of traumatizing circumstances back in Canada which test her bodily and cranial stature. Unlike Xavier, however, she is adept in her esoteric self-sufficiency (35), being able to distract her corporeal self from pending danger by actualizing her love of anecdotes. The primary medium she accomplishes this through is her participation in speech craft, which she uses to listen to and project tribal stories as a means of satiating her spiritual hunger (Bohr). A consistent theme embedded within the novel is Niska’s own retelling of her life to Xavier, as embodied by a quote: â€Å"Words are all I have now. I’ve lived alone so long that I’m [Niska] starved to talk† (89). Even earlier in her life than Xavier, the Cree woman develops the aptitude for developing a thick skin via the harnessing emotions such as heartbreak for conversion to wisdom. Her exposure to the Frenchman is notable in this regard. It serves Niska as an impetus through which she begins to develop a mature, progressive outlook on life. Reminiscing about this boost to her spiritual immune system, she says, â€Å"I was young, and the emotions of the young are as strong a pull as the arctic tides that suck fishermen’s canoes out into the bay to be lost forever† (165). In this way, she is able to look back on the event of the European’s quick departure after their first sexual encounter, and understand its arrogant, chauvinistic connotations (135). Upon adaptation to her current situation, she achieves a level of spiritual purity mutual to that of Xavier. With this in mind, it is only through the undamaged will of both Niska and Xavier that he is cleansed of the complete collapse of self which foreruns death (379), and partakes in the â€Å"physical necessity† (Gordon 4) which allows him to survive the ordeal. Were it not for the complimentary moral steadfastness of these two characters, each would have been subjected to profound devastation, with one of them perishing, only to leave the other in a state of mourning over the severing of her last, greatest familial connection. Such an anchored identity is devoid in Elijah’s life, however, as exemplified through his deteriorating eupepsia, which reaches its apex at his demise. At the heart of Elijah’s ambiguous, conditional personality is his unending thirst for exhilaration as a form of immediate gratification. Saturated by the empiricism of the residential schools, which deny the existence of all aboriginal deities, Elijah thrives on the seemingly transcendent feeling of adrenaline coursing through his veins. When Xavier ponders the spreading of a forest fire into the town they reside in before the war, Elijah responds with: â€Å"Can you imagine anything more glorious? † (Boyden 142), thereby manifesting his twisted disposition towards fear, while also foreshadowing his eventual descent into lunacy. Lieutenant Breech’s evaluation of the aboriginal people finds a portion of truth in Elijah, since metaphorically, his blood really is, â€Å"†¦closer to that of an animal than that of a man,† (101). In order to subconsciously override this perverted perspective in favour of a religious outlook, he turns to the recreational use of morphine, which is present in high amounts amongst his brother in arms, Grey Eyes. When describing its effects, Elijah says: â€Å"It allowed me to leave my body and see what was around me. I see how it could be a very powerful tool in a place like this† (128). By no coincidence, this passage occurs at around the same point where Elijah loses his knowledge of the aboriginal tongue, and thus, becomes linguistically assimilated by his fellow soldiers. The morphine hollows Elijah’s soul and accelerates his acculturation, causing him to pursue pleasure and meaning from killing (283), through which he attains the spontaneous euphoria which he craves. Instead of discovering the spiritual intelligence and purpose of which his life is bankrupt, he loses grasp on the distinction of reality and fantasy, with Xavier exclaiming late in the novel that, â€Å"†¦he [Elijah] walks with one foot in this world, [and] one firmly planted in the other world† (334). Additionally, the morphine ingestion was meant to rid him of his inner demons, such as his previously stated animalistic tendencies. Instead, it only serves to sharpen these instincts, and feed them with a profound apathy that enables Elijah to live without fear of moral consequences (212). This quickly advances into an addiction which exceeds recreational foundations in favour of unbridled dependence, and is the primary reason for Elijah’s eventual metamorphosis into a walking anathema. As stated by the author, Vikki Visvis, â€Å"Elijah’s windigo state is part shell shock, part morphine emotional addiction induced by European contact, and part internalized racism learned at residential schools† (Visvis 223). Therefore, Elijah’s downward spiral into death was not based significantly on his overuse of morphine, but his spiritual surrender to the drug. Over time his relationship with Grey Eyes (Boyden 313) becomes one which is entirely centered on the drug, and is therefore, not a true relationship at all, but an uninvolved, symbiotic connection existing only to satiate dark indulgences of a stereotypical windigo. The notion of relationships present in the lives of Xavier, Niska, and Elijah reveals, through their level of social authenticity, how completely they have become absorbed into the world of the wemistikoshiw. Xavier’s relationship with the Ontario Rifles can be accurately described as precarious and fluctuant. He refuses to socialize with the vast majority of his wartime acquaintances met during the war, with the exception of war veterans Thompson and General McCann (317). Bird reveres the two, figuring that they have each tolerated war for many years without cracking under its sinister pressure. The fact that Bird respects their capacity for bodily toil without the use of morphine indicates an avid understanding of both the war’s potential dangers, and its ability to corrupt those not willing to remain immovably independent from its paradigms. When describing the nature of the Great War, Xavier personifies it as a monster which hungers for the bodies of soldiers (73), thus explaining the prayers he sends to Gitchi Manitou, requesting a safe return home to his aunt in Moose Factory (237). Consequently, Xavier’s seclusion from the vast majority of the Ontario Rifles flourishes, and is only ompounded by his unwillingness to learn English and loss of hearing (227). Bird, however, is dynamic in his relationships on occasion, as with the case of his pseudo-lover, Lisette. Initially, Xavier believes her to be an innocent soul who is untouched by the hedonism and selfishness of the West, swiftly proceeding into what he believes to be a loving relationship with her (159 ). He is overwhelmed with feelings of aching for her not long afterwards, deciding to disobey the orders of his superiors and return to the town where they met. He is unexpected met with animosity from the girl, who turns out to be not as authentic as she first appeared: â€Å"’You can’t stay, Indian boy,’ she whispers. My stomach feels as if it has been punched so hard that all the air has left it. ‘I am with another. He is upstairs’† (252). Crushed by the betrayal he feels upon discovering Lisette to be a prostitute, Xavier’s isolation reaches its all-time peak. Despite being left with only affection for his heritage and aunt, he remains religiously disciplined when continuing his participation in the war. By the end of the novel, Xavier completely comprehends the nature of the West’s cultural imperialism and individualistic ideals. He recognizes these traits in Elijah, causing their friendship to decay at a breakneck pace. With the established practice of Niska in mind, he carries on the legacy of the Windigo-killer, and murdering Elijah for the sake of the sane. As described by Neta Gordon: â€Å"The role of the windigo killer is taken on because it fulfills the community necessity, and, in the case of†¦Xavier, it is taken on rather inadvertently and somewhat reluctantly† (Gordon 11). Xavier’s most endearing attribute, therefore, is his independence, because it facilitates his ability glimpse at his communal surroundings objectively, and make correspondingly righteous decisions. The greatest example of an ethical figure present in the novel, however, is Niska, whose wild life alone in the bush proves to be the perfect setting for producing a terrene, detached shaman. In her epileptic visions, Niska establishes somewhat of a one-sided relationship with the conflict in Europe, which cultivates her interest of the Windigo psychosis scourging the continent. To this end, she ominously states: â€Å"The sickness of the windigo could spread as surely as the invisible sickness of the windigo† (Boyden 262). Like Xavier’s use of Thompson and McCann as moral benchmarks, Niska leans on her family for moral support throughout the novel: namely her father and sister, Rabbit. The salience of these two characters is the radically opposing symbolism which they maintain in their relationship with the bushmaster. While Rabbit teaches the Niska unconditional love through fond memories (34), her father, the late hookimaw, or village elder, instills in her a primitive sense of respect and tradition. It is from these two characters that Niska is able to educate the last of her kin, Xavier, in the ways of the Cree, and ultimately, provide him with the emotional stability necessary to survive the effects of war through what Neta Gordon calls a â€Å"detoxification† process (Gordon 4). Most prevalent and divulging of Niska’s connection with others is her role as a Windigo-killer, which implies an acute responsibility for making difficult choices which often contradict what is deemed to be ‘civilized’ (Boyden 169). Ironically, it is Niska’s solitude and right-judgment which give her the reputation as what Xavier, and undoubtedly many others call a â€Å"†¦ good and crazy woman† (221). In actuality, Niska’s actions exude wisdom, pragmatism, and an authentic desire to obliterate the radiating wreckage of the Windigo. The malfunctioned motivations of a windigo cannot warrant animosity on their own, and rely on the destructive actions of characters like Elijah to animate their nature. As described by Joseph Boyden: â€Å"He [Elijah] isn’t grounded in his place or culture, and this ends up being very damaging to him† (Wyile 230). Incessant boasting is what is most easily evident in his demeanor, with Xavier pointing out a multitude of situations in which Elijah can be found falsely glorifying himself due to his emotional insecurity (Boyden 77). At one point in the novel, Xavier declares: I look around and realize that I know very few men by name any more. So many have come and gone that I’ve lost track. Amazingly, Elijah seems to know all of them, acts as if he’s known them for years. 243) The white-washed Weesacheejak is only capable of establishing superficial relationships with the other soldiers by donning a â€Å"mask† (314) which, in reality, distances him further from his allies than even Xavier does. A will to dominate sprouts from his impersonal approach to friendship, resulting in the fiery approach to human interaction that is demonstrated in Weesacheejak’s relationship with Peggy. When scouting one day with Xavier, he says, quite irrelevantly, â€Å"I am better than Peggy. He cannot take a scalp. He cannot do what I do† (246). Elijah’s attitudes towards superseding others are crystallized in his love for flying, since it entails an elevated level of importance in comparison to civilization, which is largely terrestrial. Ironically, when he does experience flight for the first time in an aero plane, it brings him a great pain, (331) thus foreshadowing the untimely demise of which he experiences by the novel’s close, which is brought about by his greed for contention. Most detrimental to Elijah’s psyche, undoubtedly, is his swift acceptance of western customs and paradigms, which is demonstrated by his conformity to the warmongering attitudes of his colleagues. Elijah’s bloodlust steadily increases throughout the duration of the novel, earning him medals of honour for his â€Å"unmatched bravery† in the face of battle (254). What these medals symbolize is a complete forfeit of his kinship with the Cree, a culture which preaches the sanctity of every form of life. Additionally, the medals indicate the completeness of Elijah’s assimilation into Europe’s wartime effort, and the connotations of selfishness which fester in its nucleus. Deranged and unsatisfied with even this acknowledgement, however, Elijah’s desire for human flesh continues to define him to the point of unsuccessfully assaulting Xavier, and dying in the process. He is the epitome of a non-Aboriginal, having always having what Xavier calls a â€Å"†¦gift for the wemistikoshiw language† (59). Elijah does not discover other people, which soils the seed of a robust relationship, but uses them as devices for augmenting his ego in a fashion typical of both an avaricious European and the Windigo. The purpose of Three Day Road by Joseph Boyden is to introduce the Windigo’s infectious and corrosive potential for spiritual defilement through the personalities of Xavier, Niska and Elijah via their cultural adherence, contrasting health, and dynamic relationships. The degree to which these three protagonists repel or embrace attitudes characteristic of the Windigo determines their physical, mental, and spiritual condition by the end of the anecdote. The novel’s ‘Wandering Windigo,’ Elijah, is portrayed as an individual who can find neither a form of metaphysical shelter, nor a definite identity, resulting in his decline into nothingness. In his downfall however, Elijah destroys the lives of hundreds, highlighting the necessity for Xavier’s donning of the Windigo-killer from Niska. By way of extension, Boyden speaks, via the juxtaposition of Xavier and Niska in comparison to Elijah, of the importance of the righteous, and their responsibility to eradicate evil before it is able to worsen despite the contesting pressures of one’s affiliates. Most importantly, the novel is Boyden’s plea to immerse children in the indigenous dimensions of their ethnicity and nationality in order to construct a strong sense of identity. An Aboriginal himself, Boyden describes Three Day Road as a cautionary tale (393) in which the human person is presented as a feeble, vulnerable entity which can only be sustained when its body, mind, and spirit are in communion with one another. The novel seeks to be food for thought, asking its audience how they would respond to excruciating circumstances such as war – whether they would be able to stay anchored enough to survive it, or experience the downwards spiral of the Windigo. In the course of our lives, will we journey along the road most travelled, losing ourselves to the entropic tides of conformity, or pave our own path in order to live an independent, fruitful existence? How to cite Three Day Road, Papers

Womens Expectations of Reform free essay sample

In the 19th century it was expected for women and children to work as man. The nation’s crises constrained industrial wages and produced high levels of unemployment. Women and child factory worker chose to work 10 hours a day. The outcome was the Knights of Labor where practically anybody could work. Expectations: In 19th century, women and children expected a high percentage of the work force in some industries and receive but a fraction of the wages a man could earn. The American Federation of Labor (1885) objectives were to increase wages, reduce hours, and improve working conditions. By the early 20th century, new revenue laws were enacted by taxing inheritances, incomes, and the property or earnings of corporations. Also, Wilson said (1913) â€Å"we must abolish everything that bears any semblance of privilege†. Constraints: Further eroding industrial wages produced high levels of unemployment. Before and after founding of the AFL, American labor history was violent. We will write a custom essay sample on Womens Expectations of Reform or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was clear to many people that most of the problems reformers were concerned about could be solved only if dealt with on a national scale. The act retained many protective features (1913). Choices: Technological improvements, added so much to the nation’s productivity, continually reduced the demand for skilled labor. Before 1874, women and child factory workers performed 10 hours a day. Federal troops had to be sent to several locations before the Great Rail Strike of 1877 was ended. Roosevelt declared his determination to give all the American people a â€Å"Square Deal†. He captured the imagination of the ordinary individuals; approved progressive measures that cut across party lines. â€Å"Control†, said Wilson, â€Å"must be public, not private, must be vested in the government itself, so that the banks may be the instruments, not the masters, of business and of individual enterprise and initiative†. Outcome: Industrial workers still worked 10-hour day, yet earned less than the minimum deemed necessary for a decent life. Knight of Labor (1869) was open to all workers, including African Americans, women, and farmers. Wobblies gained many adherents after they won a difficult strike battle in the textile mills of Lawrence, Massachusetts, in 1912. The abounding prosperity of the century led people to feel satisfied with the party in office. Roosevelt won an easy victory in 1904 presidential election. The Federal Reserve Act of December 23, 1913, was Wilson’s most enduring legislative accomplishment. Conservatives had favored establishment of one powerful central bank. Define the following 10 items: Knights of Labor (1869) – was Noble Order’s major effort to organize workers’ groups on a nationwide basis. AFL American Federation of Labor (in late of 19th century) Haymarket Riot (1886) – a bomb was thrown at police about to break up an anarchist rally in support of an ongoing strike at the McCormick Harvest Company in Chicago. Progressivism – Urban middle class reform movement that crossed party lines. Pure Food and Drugs Act (1906) – prohibited the use of any â€Å"deleterious drug, chemical, or preservative† in prepared medicines and food. Conservationism – manage the development of the public domain. Comstock Law – an act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use. NAWSA (1890) – National American Women Suffrage John Muir – (1838-1914) was Americas most famous and influential naturalist and conservationist, and founder of the Sierra Club. Federal Reserve Act December 23, 1913 – was Wilson’s most enduring legislative accomplishment. 4 Relevant Multiple Choice Questions 1. What were the objectives of the American Federation of Labor? a. To increase wages, reduce hours, and improve working conditions. b. To decrease wages, increase hours, and weaken working conditions. c. To abuse people by working more than they already did. d. NON ALL ABOVE 2. Define Haymarket Riot: a. Manage the development of the public domain. b. Noble Order’s major effort to organize workers’ groups on a nationwide basis. c. A bomb was thrown at police about to break up an anarchist rally in support of an ongoing strike at the McCormick Harvest Company in Chicago. d. An act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use. 3. Who captured the imagination of the ordinary individuals; approved progressive measures that cut across party lines? a. T. Roosevelt b. Woodrow Wilson c. John Muir d. President McKinley 4. Federal troops had to be sent to several locations before the Great Rail Strike of 1877 was ended, what is this? a. An expectation b. A constraint c. A choice d. An outcome

Fork Of A Road Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Fork Of A Road Essay, Research Paper Fork in a Road # 8220 ; When you arrive at a fork in the route, take it. # 8221 ; # 8211 ; Yogi Berra. Everyday we are met with fortunes and with the fortunes come the determinations we make in order to carry through our lives and do them meaningful. However, once we make a determination, after we pass that # 8220 ; fork in the route # 8221 ; , we need to travel on, accepting what we have done, because what has happened has happened and there is nil we can make to alter the yesteryear. Such is a instance in Robert Frost s poem The Road Not Taken, and Alistair MacLeod s short narrative The Lost Salt Gift of Blood. While the character in Frost s verse form has wittingly come to a quandary, in contrast, the storyteller in MacLeod s narrative makes a determination without peeking to the hereafter. Everyone is a traveller, taking the roads to follow on the map of their uninterrupted journey, life. We will write a custom essay sample on Fork Of A Road Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Robert Frost puts his character in forepart of a route diverging, and he must do a determination on which to take. The two roads are about indistinguishable, but one is less traveled by. He looks in front, but can t see far, due to where it bent in the underbrush. Alistair MacLeod does it otherwise ; the storyteller has come to a fork in the route, but without vacillation he takes the more traveled by. This is the first contrast between the two literatures. # 8220 ; And both that forenoon every bit lay in leaves no measure had trodden black. # 8221 ; the foliages had covered the land and since the clip they had fallen no 1 had yet to go through by on this route. Possibly Frost does this because each clip a individual comes to the point where they have to do a pick, it is new to them, someplace they have neer been and they tend to experience as though no 1 else had of all time been at that place either. The character took the route less traveled by. The route he chooses makes him th e adult male he is. MacLeod makes his narrator take the other route ; he brings the glass of H2O to John s female parent without thought of what lies in front. To Jenny this had great intending it represents engagement. Like most immature males he takes the easy manner and gets what he wants, or does he. He gets a boy, loses his relationship with Jenny, and carries the guilt of non taking the right route before. The simple difference is that the storyteller in The Road Not Taken looks in front and chooses to take the route less traveled by, while the character in The Lost Salt Gift of Blood doesn T expression in front and takes the route more traveled by. By taking the route less traveled by, he chooses the route that has made all the difference, non needfully the right pick, but a pick he made wittingly. Before he leaves he thinks Oh, I kept the first for another twenty-four hours! , he realizes the picks and thinks of coming back and taking the other route. I doubted if I should of all time come back this is his turning point, he realizes that he likely will neer come back, but he thinks of this before doing his pick. This is wholly opposite to the actions of the storyteller. The storyteller doesn t expression in front of the pick he makes, which he likely doesn t think or ground much about. He takes the opposite route, but he does come back. He comes back to see Jenny, but learns that she had died along the side of her hubby, few old ages ago. He besides learns that he has a boy John, who is populating with his grandparents. He feels guilty and thinks of taking him place, but John s place is in Newfoundland with his grandparents. He comes back to the fork ; this clip he thinks, and looks in front before doing the pick less traveled by. He puts John s felicity in forepart of his and makes the right determination. The concluding comparing is that the persona thinks in front, and takes the route less traveled by. He is non certain if it is the right pick ; it has made all the difference. He besides doubts if he will of all time return. The storyteller doesn T think and takes the route more traveled by, which turns out to be the incorrect pick. He does come back, merely this clip he takes the other route, the right pick. In decision, the route that will be chosen leads to the unknown, as does any pick in life.

Ethical Issues at the Radiology Department

Ethical Issues at the Radiology Department Introduction Being a radiographer means being very cautious and careful with instructions. It is especially important to follow the existing code of ethics once a patient and a radiographer do not speak the same language.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Ethical Issues at the Radiology Department specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since the radiographer was not concerned with the fact that the patient could not speak English properly, the former broke the principles of radiography ethics by conducting a procedure that could harm the patient in the case study provided. History The case of ethics in radiography, which is discussed below, is quite simple. According to the case details, an elderly (56-year-old) Asian woman, who had a feeding (nasogastric) tube implanted, was admitted into a hospital. In the hospital, she underwent a computer tomography on her brain. Due to the specifics of her condition (a feeding tube ), she had to have her chest and abdomen checked with X-rays every day for more than fifteen days, which is considered inacceptable due to exposure to great doses of radiation and the following negative effects on the functioning of the organs. Since the radiographer was aware of the threat that the procedure poses to people, it was imperative that the procedure should have been carried out less frequently or that the patient should have given a written consent for the radiography to be carried out. It seems that the procedure was not obligatory in the given case, since the patient supposedly felt well and did not need an urgent examination, yet the standard daily examination of the tube was still desirable (Duncan Warwick, 2011, para. 9). In order to avoid the threat of disclosing the patient’s personal data, including her name, it will be required that the patient should be nicknamed in order to address her without revealing her identity. The patient will be referred to as Xiu in the process of the case analysis and discussion.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Patient Consent The patient’s consent is, in fact, one of the key issues in the study. First and most obvious, the case study in question never mentions that the informed consent was obtained in the first place. Indeed, according to the details of the study, the patient has not been provided with the explanations concerning the procedure. More to the point, since the patient was unable to give an informed consent in English, it is impossible to figure out if the patient actually understood what she was told; neither is it possible to define whether the radiographers actually received the confirmation for the procedure to take place. The case description is admittedly obscure when it touches upon the discussion of the specifics of the procedure between the radiograph ers and the patient’ it can be suspected that there was no informed consent retrieved at all. Ethical Dilemma The ethical dilemma faced by the radiographer in the given case is, in fact, very complicated. On the one hand, it is imperative that the informed consent of the patient should be obtained before the procedure is started. Performing radiography on a patient, who does not speak English and, therefore, is most likely to be unaware of the possible negative consequences of the radiography, seems unethical. Hence, it was obviously required that a translator should have been invited as the radiographer’s assistant. On the other hand, radiography is one of the procedures that must be carried out regularly; therefore, it was imperative that the patient should undergo the procedure as prescribed by the doctor. Hence, the radiographer faced a difficult choice between making sure that the feeding tube, which the patient’s life depended on, was in order, and prevent ing the patient from receiving an additional dose of radiation. The issue of informed consent, therefore, though doubtlessly relating directly to the case, is not the key ethical issue in it. It is the factor determining the impossibility of retrieving informed consent from the patient that matters in defining the ethical paradox in the given case.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Ethical Issues at the Radiology Department specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To be more exact, the ethical concern in the case with Xiu can be defined as performing an urgent procedure on a patient, when it is clear that they do not understand what is happening due to the language barrier. It is obvious that in the environment specified above, the patient is practically unable to give their informed consent (Seiden, Galvan Lamm, 2006); therefore, the two ethical concerns (i.e., Xiu’s unawareness of the procedure consequences and the absence of her informed consent) should be included in the case. After all, the Code of conduct and ethics published by the Society of Radiographers specifies that a radiographer must satisfy themselves â€Å"that the appropriate informed consent has been gained prior to undertaking any examination or procedure and follow the SCoR guidelines in Consent to imaging and radiotherapy treatment examinations: an ethical perspective and good practice guide for the radiography workforce† (The Society of Radiographers, 2008, p. 6). Hence, both the principles of consent and communication (The Society of Radiographers, 2008, p. 5) were challenged in this case. Handling of Ethical Dilemma Though quite questionable, the decision made by radiographers seems quite adequate. Indeed, the negative effects of an excessive radiography session are considerably less threatening than the possible problems with the nasogastric tube and the following impossibility for Xiu to obtain food (Lamont, 2011). Despite the adequacy of the choice made by the radiographers, one still must address the issue of informed consent and the handling of the essential information related to the patient. Technically, the breach of the healthcare ethics is still evident, seeing that little to no investigation concerning the procedures that the patient had undergone by that time was conducted. According to the existing Code of practice for radiographers (2007), making sure that the radiography session complies with the prescriptions provided by the doctor is obligatory:Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Radiographers should not carry out a procedure that may be considered dangerous without first confirming instructions for the procedure with the person authorized who has made the request, and satisfying themselves that the instructions contain no error† (Australia Institute of Radiography, 2007, p. 3) Learning Outcomes The case study under consideration offers a lot to learn. It shows how flexible and resourceful a radiographer must be in order to facilitate the provision of the medical services of the finest quality and the protection of the patients from the possible threats to their health. More to the point, the study gives the information concerning the possible issues that a radiographer may face with a non English speaking patient. Consequently, the study encourages a radiographer to act more cautiously and make sure that the actions to be carried out comply with the existing instructions, as well as with the healthcare ethical principles. Finally, and most importantly , the case study makes a very valid point concerning the issue of informed consent. It is a very clever way of reminding a radiographer about the workplace ethics. What may seem a legitimate step in addressing the patient’s disorder and maintaining the patient’s safety may finally turn out to be a faulty move that will lead to drastic consequences. In a wider sense, the aforementioned piece of advice can be interpreted as a suggestion to be extremely cautious when it comes to retrieving any kind of information from non English speaking patients. It is obvious that, had the patient provided the radiographer with the related information, i.e., the fact that she had already had two brain computer tomographies and experienced fifteen radiographies in a row by that point, the radiography would have not been carried out. Therefore, the very fact that the patient did not speak English should have been a warning sign for the radiographer. The study, therefore, offers an import ant lesson in carrying out a specific procedure on a patient, who is unaware of what is going on due to the language issues. It is essential that the patient should know what is going on and what medical procedure they are going to undergo; thus, a patient will be able to inform the radiographer on the details that may conflict with the procedure in question and trigger major complexities. Conclusion Having a range of responsibilities and bound by the existing ethical code, a radiographer must be very careful in their work. It is essential to make sure that the procedures conducted meet the requirements and comply with the current medical standards. In addition, a radiographer must be able to communicate with the patient in order to avoid making harm to the latter. Once a patient and a radiographer understand each other, the amount of mistakes and misconceptions will be reduced to nil. Reference List Australia Institute of Radiography. (2007). Guidelines for professional conduct for radiographers, radiation therapists and sonographers. Melbourne, AU: Australia Institute of Radiography. Web. Duncan, K. Warwick, R. (2011). X-ray confirmation of nasogastric tube placement: documentation in patient notes. The Royal College of Radiologists. Web. Lamont, T. (2011). Checking placement of nasogastric feeding tubes in adults (interpretation of X ray images): summary of a safety report from the National Patient Safety Agency. The British Medical Journal, 342, 1–4. Web. Seiden, S. C., Galvan, C. Lamm, R. (2006). Role of medical students in preventing patient harm and enhancing patient safety. Quality and Safety in Healthcare, 15(4), 272–276. The Society of Radiographers. (2008). Code of conduct and ethics. London, UK: The Society of Radiographers.

Case Analysis of Whole Foods Market Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Whole Foods Market - Case Study Example The best alternative solution generates the best Whole Food Market result. Next, the company, Whole Foods Market, sells organic food products. The company started in 1980. The leader of Whole Foods Market is John Mackay. The company has over 300 stores strategically located in 24 North American states and Canada. The company’s expansion included mergers and acquisitions. The company acquired Wild Oats Food in 2005. Further, there are key SWOT issues in the case study. In terms of strengths, the Whole Foods Market sells healthy foods and has over 23 American and Canadian branches. The company does not sell non-organic food products and refuses to reduce avoidable expenses. The company’s opportunities include selling to other niche markets (fast food) and catering to restaurant clients and an increase in the number of organic food competitors. The company must overcome the increasing number of organic food types or alternatives (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). Furthermore, Whole Foods Market is beset with a major problem. The major problem is reversing the company’s declining food-related revenues and profits. The increasing influx of competitors and product alternatives precipitated to the decline. The increased mobility of the customers resulted to the customers’ preference for fast food restaurants like McDonald’s (Hartline, 2010). First, Whole Foods Market can open a restaurant section to fill the needs of the customers preferring unhealthy food products. To increase revenues by more than 10 percent per year, the company can set up more stores in other uncharted territories. Third, the company can advertise the company’s products and services to increase the demand for the company’s organic food products by more than 15 percent per year. Fourth, the company can reduce operating expenses to allowable levels to increases profits. Fifth, the company can

Oryx and Crake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Oryx and Crake - Essay Example Atwood depicts several moods and situations through few sentences and has the advantage of presenting a detailed description of a future that is unfamiliar in the minds of most readers. However, her skills in including specific details help sketch a precise vision of every such instance. The central theme of the story focuses on the process of creating newer forms of life by way of genetic engineering, which has been a phenomenon for the past several decades. This has led to the introduction of numerous weird creatures such as wolvogs and rakunks (a combination of the genes from different animals) in addition to creating life forms which are abnormally larger or smaller than their natural dimensions. The story, narrated through a series of small episodes, provides for the considerate discussion of a specific theme along each episode, thereby allowing Atwood to express her strong feelings in diverse areas. Despite the seriousness of the topic being dealt by her story, she includes a great deal of humor into her story in places like the depiction of the Martha Graham College and Jimmy, its student in English, who is the principal character in the story. ‘Oryx and Cake’ describes a period not far from our own where several aspects of life are quite similar, thereby allowing the reader a sense of familiarity along a sensible progression of time. The society as depicted in ‘Oryx and Cake’ comprises the privileged classes who thrive in closely guarded settlements and those who live around these areas in lesser favorable circumstances. The rich sell their wares to these less fortunate people, referred to in the story as ‘pleebs’, whereby the latter is clearly at the losing side of the bargain. The rich controlled the society through genetic fiddling and maintained a strict oversight over resources such as food and livestock. In fact, the

Types of unemployment and their importance

Types of unemployment and their importance As a matter of fact, there are a lot of the meanings of unemployment. Generally, unemployment is a state of the people who are without work, seeking jobs or not looking for works. Moreover, we have two ways to express the amount of unemployment, in terms of: a number and a percentage. Unemployment can be estimated as a rate of two numbers: amount of jobless people in labor force and total number of labor force. Claimant and Standardized are two means of estimating unemployment rates. However, collected information can be influenced by many factors: false claimants, demoralized work-seekers, part-time employees, and underground economy, etc. In a labor market, wages would adjust to make the supply of labor and the demand for labor would be equal. There are two main types: equilibrium unemployment and disequilibrium unemployment. Moreover, more workers tend to find a job and work so that the demand is not enough to satisfy the needs. As a result of that, unemployment occurs in the market. Equilibrium level of unemployment happens when the number of workers who ready to take their jobs is lower than the total number of the labor force. There are three types of disequilibrium unemployment: real wages unemployment, demand- deficient unemployment and growth in the labor supply. Demand deficient is one of the most factor which influences on the economy growth quickly because of the recession. The recession just happens in a short time but in fact, It will change many factors such as workers are difficult to get a job or the countrys GDP fall rapidly. Equilibrium unemployment has three types: Frictional unemployment that occurs as a result of imperfect information in the labor market. Structural unemployment arises from changes in the pattern of demand or supply in economy. Seasonal unemployment associated with industries or regions where the demand for labor is lower at certain times of the year. Table of Contents I. Introduction 5 II. Unemployment Error: Reference source not found6 A. The meaning of unemployment 6 B. Official measures of unemployment 8 C. Unemployment and the labour market 11 D. Types of disequilibrium unemployment 14 Real-wage unemployment Demand deficient or cyclical unemployment..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Case studyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.17 E. Equilibrium unemployment (or natural unemployment) 19 Fritional (search) unemployment Error: Reference source not found Structural unemployment. Seasonal unemployment.. III. Conclusion 21 Introduction The serious problem which every country must deal with increase their economy is unemployment. Therefore, before going any further we have to define precisely what we mean by unemployment. It depends on how narrowly it is defined. Actually, the general meaning is no job. Each country almost wants have a low amount of unemployment because if we have a high unemployment amount, our economy will gradually decrease our income. As a result, our economy will go down a lot. In order to understand easily we can examine how the economy flows as below: Unemployment Æ’Â   ® No income  ® No consumption  ­  ¯ Lay off workers  ¬ Productions Æ’Å ¸  ¬ Aggregate demand Æ’Å ¸ So, this flow chart keeps happen continuously over and over. Thats why our GDP is getting lower and lower as well as jobless people are getting higher and higher. II/ Unemployment: The meaning of unemployment As a matter of fact, almost countries experienced the recession. Moreover, the unemployment figures bring the recession into an even sharper focus. However, the average of unemployment has different levels in different countries. There are many different definitions of unemployment. As a result, we will focus on the meaning of unemployment and the ways express the amount of unemployment. Firstly, we have to address the meaning of unemployment. Generally, unemployment simply means that a person is jobless. Nevertheless, this meaning is not exactly right because children and retired people will be not essential for the statistics. Regardless of the fact that Michael Todaro defines it in two ways as voluntary and involuntary unemployment. The definition of voluntary unemployment is that the people do not find employment, and want to stay at home in order to take care of their families. Conversely, people are able and willing to work but there are no jobs available for them. Therefore, we can understand that unemployment is a state of the people who are adequate standards of health as well as ages and able to work, but they are without work, seeking jobs or not looking for work. Secondly, we should concentrate on the ways express the amount of unemployment. As a rule, there are two ways so as to represent the unemployment, in terms of: a number and a percentage. The number unemployed is used when people are unable to find a job even so they are reading and waiting to work at the prevailing wage. Alternatively, the economists can be expressed the unemployment rate as a percentage if they represent the percentage of total labor force which includes all persons in employment and unemployment. In other words, the prevalence of unemployment usually express as the unemployment rate which is defined as the percentage of the labor force. For instance, if there were 30 million people in employment and 2 million people in unemployment in a country, we could find the unemployment rate by: All things considered, unemployment is one of the most important problems in the economy. The level of unemployment usually shows the economic situation in a country. Furthermore, it also changes over time because it depends on the economic conditions and other circumstances. B) Official measures of unemployment Unemployment is the serious problem in every country. It is one of the primary factors has effected to the increasing or the decreasing Government income. The main objective of every economy is always attempt to cut down a percentage of unemployment rates as low as possible, because it can be a charge of social, an ineffectiveness of human resources or a reduction of national revenue. In order to resolve these crisis effects we need to estimate the unemployment rate to boost the national economy. There are two general measures of unemployment: Claimant unemployment and Standardized unemployment rates. Claimant unemployment: According to this measure unemployment rate will be calculated as percentage between the number of claimants and the total of labor force. It has several important advantages. For example, it is not too difficult to resume information, and it is the fastest method so far. Although the method has the advantages listed above, it also has some disadvantages such as false information or overstate of people just wants to get allowance but not really looking for a job. In addition, this number excludes jobless people that cannot satisfies the qualified for benefits. Standardized unemployment rates: This is the modern formula set up by two international organizations: The International Labor Organization (ILO) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Based primarily on them the rate will be collected by national labor force examination. Basically, work forces are enough old to go to work and also active to looking for a job right now. It is an improved measure but it still has the limit in somehow. First, we can observe it on the effective factor. For instance, providing the more exactly figure than Claimant unemployment because it include people who highly want to find out a job but cannot be eligible claimant at the meantime. In contrast, several bad factors of this method make it has some less effective. It is taking much time to survey and statistic. Moreover, it cannot count discouraged workers who have given up looking for a job after long-term unemployment. And people work for underground economy, which have illegal job for example drug dealer, mafia and etc. can be consider as unemployment while part-time workers who would like to get the full-time job but they cannot get any suitable jobs are excluded from unemployment numbers. To illustrate this let examine the unemployment rate in Australia with the method of Standardized unemployment rates from source of CIA world factbook: Source of CIA world factbook. Based on above column chart- the numbers of Australian unemployment rate survey from labor force- we can observe the lowest rate in 2009 and the peak in 2003. However, the percentage from 2009 to 2010 increases dramatically with percentage of +1.5% because the influence global economic resection. In order to avoid economic seriously affected by the recession, Australian government has solutions by injecting a lot of money as well as push their citizens to spend money to expand more job for Australians. However, this situation still does not effective in this time. To sum up, Australian government should have the right policies to improve this situation unemployment. C) Unemployment and the labor market In a labor market, wages would adjust in order to make the supply of labor and the demand for labor would be equal. The reasons of unemployment can be divided into two main types: equilibrium unemployment and disequilibrium unemployment. In a perfectly competitive labor market, the intersection of demand and supply curves determined the wage rate and level of employment. Real wage S D N Labor Real wage S D Labor Average (Real) Wage Rate AS N e d W AD O Q No. of workers Sloman, 2007, Unemployment, inflation and growth, Essentials of Economics, England: Peason Education Limited, pp. 312-313. According to the Sloman (2007), the aggregate supply of labor curve (AS) is fairly inelastic and it may become less inelastic when the new labor enter the labor market or the unemployed workers rather start to work than search for a new better job . It indicates the number of workers who are willing to accept the work at different real wage rate. Besides, the downward slope is the aggregate demand for labor curve (AD). Firms will spare employees and replace some factors of the production when the real wage rate is getting higher. If the minimum wage is set above the equilibrium wage in the labor market, a surplus of labor will occur and create disequilibrium unemployment. Moreover, more workers tend to find a job and work so that the demand is not enough to satisfy the needs. As a result of that, unemployment occurs in the market. Besides, not every worker can get a job even when they try to search for it. Workers tend to think that they may find appropriate jobs given their tastes, skills and reasonable wage. Equilibrium level of unemployment happens when the number of workers who really ready to take their jobs is lower than the total number of the labor force. D) Types of disequilibrium unemployment: 1. Real wage unemployment: Firstly, we focus on the real-wage unemployment which is the form of disequilibrium unemployment. It occurs when real wages for works are forced above the market-clearing level leading to an excess supply of labor. As a matter of fact, trade unions are one of the most important causes of real-wage unemployment because they control the wages by their power. However, their power has diminished significantly over recent years. Moreover, it is popularly believed that the minimum wage is also the reason for real wage unemployment. 2. Demand-deficient It also calls cyclical or Keynesian unemployment. If the economy slides into recession or inflation, this thing will happen. Besides, aggregate demand is a caused of demand deficient. If demand for goods and services decrease, it leads to the surplus of output and consequently, the firm are forced to dismiss amount of labor they employ before. Furthermore, the recession lasts more seriously and the higher will worst case. In addition, the people who out of work will be de-skilled or de motivated. As a result, it is hard to find a new job in the future or perhaps they earn a few money in lowing job. Cyclical unemployment will increase during the recession time otherwise will go down when the economy recover. Moreover, demand deficient may be happen in the long term because of many reasons. The first thing is if the company cut wages of worker, it dues to it will influences on aggregate demand and consumer spending. Next reason is the higher of unemployment will make the customer l imit their spending and it makes the GDP of one country will reduce Demand deficient unemployment is associated with the theory of J.M.Keynes who developed his General Theory of Money against a backdrop of the Great (.December 2nd, 2009 | economics) Unemployment caused by a fall in total demand with no fall in the real wage rate. Why real wage would not fall ? There are two reasons to explain this question Efficiency wages: The first thing is the traditional one of balancing the demand and supply of labor. The second is motivating workers. Efficiency wages means we will attract the qualified employees by pay higher salaries than the market clearing. Furthermore, the surplus labor market can make the employer work less hard and make substandard goods. Another ideas is that it can make the number of unemployment increase rapidly because they will hire a group of people who can work effective, as a result, they will get a lot of profits from employment. Insider power: the people are members of unions and they also have many special skills or their knowledge can attract employers while the outsiders do not have influence on the firm. As a result, the outsiders can drive down the real wage rate even eliminate demand- deficient unemployment. To examine more details about this problems, if the real wage really fall , perhaps we cannot solve this problem and might be make it worse because they will cut in workers wages, it leads to the workers income also go down. Consequently, labor force have to reduce their consumption of goods ->remain demand deficient unemployment. In addition, although the economy can overcome again, the demand deficient still fall steadily because of business cycle. 3. Growth in the labor supply The labor supply and demand need to balance together. If the supply of labors increases, it means there are many workers will seek the firm, but in fact there is not enough demand of labors, it may be a cause of unemployment. Moreover, the real wage will fall and it is also a disadvantage of things with employers. Finally, the woman or the children have over 16 years old can get a part time job despite the lower average wage rate. CASE STUDY Figure: Rates of unemployment among youth (15-24) and older workers (55-64): 1995-2005 I will show you more details about unemployment among youth (15-24) and older workers (55-64) 1995- 2005. It is difficult to measure of youth unemployment from full- time student to full time worker. In Australia, the trends of young people combine education and employment in many different ways. For instance, many teenage schools always find a part- time job to support their tuition fees such as waiters or waitress in the restaurant or Vietnamese students help their host selling foods in the supermarket Young people try on different types of post- school education just as they try-on different jobs (Wynn,2005). Moreover, it is hard to find a full-time job in 2005 because of recession. As a result, 20% teenagers who look for full- time work are unemployed (Parliamentary Library,2005). In figure 4 show unemployment among youth has fallen by a relatively large 5%, otherwise, the older workers also go down strongly in 2005 with 2%.Due to, a rise in participation rate of this group. Recent unemployment is a second group which is facing high unemployment. There three reasons, first of all are youth people, they have to spend a lot of time to find out information to get a suitable job. It is difficult for person who cannot speak English and they also shock by many varieties of culture even lacking of good- skills. Finally, the discrimination is one of the most important things because it always happens everywhere such as sexual, national origins or age (Richardson et at 2004). Data for 2005 show that migrants with these characteristics quickly find employment six months after arrival, 83% of skilled primary applicant had a job, while 12% were looking for work(5% were not in the labor force)*. In general, higher unemployment and non- participation in the labor force than for skilled primary applicants. Sloman, 2007, Unemployment, inflation and growth, Essentials of Economics, England: Peason Education Limited, pp. 312-313. If the minimum wage is set above the equilibrium wage in the labor market, a surplus of labor will occur and create disequilibrium unemployment. Moreover, more workers tend to find a job and work so that the demand is not enough to satisfy the needs. As a result of that, unemployment occurs in the market. Besides, not every worker can get a job even when they try to search for it. Workers tend to think that they may find appropriate jobs given their tastes, skills and reasonable wage. Equilibrium level of unemployment happens when the number of workers who really ready to take their jobs is lower than the total number of the labor force. E) Equilibrium unemployment is the economic situation in which aggregate demands for and supplies for labor at the current real wage rate are equal. There are three types of equilibrium unemployment: 1. Frictional unemployment: Can be understand like this example, a  first-time job seeker  may lack  the resources or efficiency  for finding the company that has  the job that is available and suitable for him or her.  As a result this person does not take other work, temporarily holding out for the better-paying job. Basically to understand that frictional unemployment is the place which is helps unemployment to search or find jobs for them, even they are voluntarily. Even though after the unemployment try their first job and they cant be suitable with that , they can be continue to ask the frictional unemployment to help them again to search a new job. In this place, so many available unemployment for workers search and neither for unemployment. 2. Structural unemployment: As you know, the computers may have eliminated jobs but they also opened up some of new positions for those who have the skill to operate. As we know, the structural unemployment is the place for company to changes their economy. There are 2 main reasons: A change in the pattern of demand b) A change in the method of production 3. Seasonal unemployment: Unemployment expected at a given time of year. Resort areas, for example, can expect to experience seasonal unemployment during the off-season. Unemployment statistics provided by the government are seasonally adjusted. CONCLUSION Unemployment is a serious problem with each country which has an important effect of society as well as economy. Firstly, we need to estimate a detailed amount of unemployment rate of each careers and ages. Moreover, from this estimate, the government needs to release the type of unemployment which will be necessary to improve. From this point, it should put forward a lot of suitable strategy or policy about society and jobs. To improve this situation, we should have job information, which is provided by government job centers, by private employment agencies, or by local and national newspapers.